The Problem

The building sector accounts for 33% of the European Union's GHG emissions, primarily from direct fossil fuel use and electricity production for buildings. For achieving the EU's goal of a carbon-neutral economy by 2050, it is paramount that GHG emissions are significantly reduced through the adoption of circular economy concepts, increased penetration of RESs , improved insulation of the building stock, and the application of advanced HVAC control methodologies. Towards truly nZEB and nPEB , multiple challenges must first be addressed such as the unpredictable nature of RES and increased electricity costs due to stochastic load consumption that threaten grid stability, leading to energy losses, and significant increase in the energy costs for the end-users. In addition, the combination of weatherization policies for reduction of energy expenditure with inadequate IEQ policies for monitoring and control are negatively impacting occupants’ health, comfort and productivity.